Tawashiyya

Contents

JavaScript Abacus

(Missing your favorite?... let me know)

Abaci from around the world and long ago

Different Abacus Configurations using JavaScript

Configurations	JS
Chinese Abacus * (Suanpan)
Korean Abacus * (Jupan, AKA Japanese Soroban pre-WWII)
Japanese Abacus * (Soroban post-WWII)
Roman Hand Abacus * right most column twelfths and Ancient Roman Numerals in display
Roman Hand Abacus * right most column eighths and Modern Roman Numerals on abacus
Ivory Roman Hand Abacus * from 2nd - 5th Century
Russian Abacus * (Schoty)
Old Russian Abacus * (Schoty w/ 1/4 Kopek)
Danish School Abacus *
Medieval Counters *
British Abacus * An abacus from the British Museum from the 17th century
Vietnamese Abacus * (unusual example as normally of Chinese-Japanese type)
Base 16 Japanese Abacus *
Chinese Abacus * (base 16)
Reconfigured Abacus to represent Chinese Solid-And-Broken-Bar System * (base 12)
Mesoamerican Abacus * (Nepohualtzintzin, similar to a Soroban base 20)
Calendar Mesoamerican Abacus (Nepohualtzintzin)
Sumerian Abacus (reconstruction as no examples or diagrams exist from era)
Base 2 Abacus
Georgian Abacus * (Russian base 20, for warmer climate (no shoes), do not take seriously)
US Currency Dollar
European Currency Euro
Counters with British Currency Pound
British Currency Pound
Japanese Currency Yen
South Korean Currency Won
Russian Currency Ruble
Old Russian Currency Ruble
Lee's Abacus * Principal Chinese with a Nonevenly Distributed 7/13 Rail Auxiliary
Lee's Abacus * Principal Korean with a Nonevenly Distributed 7/11 Rail Auxiliary
Lee's Abacus * Principal Chinese with a Evenly Distributed 9 Rail Auxiliary

Those with a "*" above have a "Teach" mode for addition, subtraction and just added multiplication, division, square root and cube root. Multiplication, division, and roots works best on "Lee" versions as they can hold values in auxiliary abacii.

Now with beginnings of some language support for French, Spanish, Dutch, German, Norwegian, Russian (I need help from translators see line 72 or so of abacus.js). It is all driven by a single JavaScript program with input parameters in the html.

Let me know of any bugs... (yes, the Lee's Abaci has some alignment issues if you change number of rails). If there is a abacus design not featured that you want to see, let me know. The Java below has more features (and no alignment issues), but can no longer run in your browser ... sigh.

See project notes for todo list and history.

Android Abacus

Abacus for my phone

Abacus Implementation for Android

Icon	Source Code	Executable
	Abacus.zip	Abacus.apk

Unzip somewhere and then put in Eclipse like File->Project->Android Project from Existing Code. Then build, install, and run as usual. Any trouble building and getting on your Android, let me know so I can make fixes or better instructions.

See project notes for todo list and history.

Java Abacus

Screenshot shown here running as: "java -jar AbacusApp.jar -lee=1"

Tawashiyya

: They served directly under the Sultan or provincial Amirs, often acting as an officer caste that could lead larger regiments of less-equipped troops. 🛡️ Historical Identity

: The elite free-born cavalry/officers described above.

The Ayyubids established dedicated, specialized military academies ( madrasas ) explicitly for training the sons of the elite class alongside promising recruits. Here, trainees underwent intense instruction in furusiyya (the Islamic martial arts code encompassing horsemanship, archery, and lance tactics) along with administrative law and statecraft. The Feudal Fief ( Iqta' ) System tawashiyya

Hereditary nobility mixed with specialized free-born elites. Purely meritocratic, slave-purchased military hierarchy. Prestigious families and local aristocracy. Imported Kipchak Turkic and Caucasian slaves. Political Focus Shared regional rule between Syria and Egypt. Highly centralized military dictatorship in Cairo. Term Usage Broadly denoted an elite officer caste.

+-------------------------------------------------------------+ | Ayyubid High Amirs | | (Top-tier Generals & Regional Governors) | +-------------------------------------------------------------+ | v +-------------------------------------------------------------+ | TAWASHIYYA CASTE | | (Elite Officers, Land-grant Holders, Heavy Cav Commands) | +-------------------------------------------------------------+ | v +-------------------------------------------------------------+ | Regular Faris / Mamluks | | (Standard Cavalrymen & Retainer Soldiers) | +-------------------------------------------------------------+ The Madrasa Training System : They served directly under the Sultan or

If you saw this word in a manuscript catalog or art historical context, it might be a typo for mashq (practice paper), qirtas (papyrus/paper), or tirāz (inscribed textile bands), though none are close phonetically.

This historic school serves as another testament to the enduring influence of this elite class, preserving their name in stone centuries after their cavalry commands vanished from the battlefield. Prestigious families and local aristocracy

In the medieval Islamic military hierarchy, the Tawashiyya represented the backbone of the regular standing army.

You can download the jar file (preserve the .jar extension), and then it can be run as an application like "java -jar AbacusApp.jar -rails=15" or "java -jar AbacusApp.jar -lee=1 -leftAuxRails=9 -rightAuxRails=9". The X Manual Page is written for the X version but may be useful to understanding the Java program.

Java Abacus

Abacus Implementation for Java

Icon	Source Code	Jar File
	abacus.zip	AbacusApp.jar

There is a feature for teachers to test students on the use the abacus. This would give the ability to create your own tests. Results would go into a results directory. Sample tests are given in zip file (there is only the one test so far). The idea is to move the beads to the correct position and then record the answer by a certain time.

See project notes for todo list and history.

X Abacus (and Windows too)

Still my favorite Abacus

Abacus Implementation for X (Linux and friends) and Windows

Icon	Latest Source	Latest Windows	Man Page	README	LSM	Older Versions	Ancient Versions
	xabacus-latest.tar.xz	wabacus-latest.zip	xabacus	xabacus.README	xabacus.lsm	At SillyCycle	At Ibiblio

A Transparent Abacus

Latest UNIX/VMS version is 8.9.3 and was written in C/C++. Windows version has same source and compiled with MinGW (though does have less features).

See project notes for todo list and history.

Notes

Learning the Abacus

ABACUS Guide Book

HOW TO LEARN LEE'S ABACUS

Books by Takashi Kojima

The Japanese Abacus, Its Use and Theory

Advanced Abacus Japanese Theory and Practice

The Abacus

Salamis Tablet

TOMOE Soroban

Short story by Isaac Asimov The Feeling of Power

Rhymes with Orange Cartoon 2011-08-22 (on 12th page)