To adapt to time-varying parameters, WIndLS modifies the cost function by introducing a weighting factor, $\lambda$ (where $0 < \lambda \le 1$). The cost function becomes: $$V_{WIndLS}(\theta) = \sum_{t=1}^{N} \lambda^{N-t} [y(t) - \phi(t)^T \theta]^2$$
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Consider a linear regression model: $$y(t) = \phi(t)^T \theta + e(t)$$ Where: To adapt to time-varying parameters, WIndLS modifies the