| Defect | Cause | Prevention | |--------|-------|-------------| | | Too fast drying early | Lower temp, higher humidity | | Internal honeycombing | Surface hardened, core stressed | Reduce drying rate, condition early | | Collapse | Cell wall buckling (wet wood) | Low temp initial, pre-steaming | | Casehardening | Uneven MC gradient | Final conditioning treatment | | Warp (bow/twist) | Uneven restraint or grain | Good stacking, weight on top | | End splitting | Rapid end-grain drying | Seal ends, slow initial drying |
– when cell walls are full but lumens empty (~28–30% MC). Below FSP, wood begins to shrink. kiln seasoning of timber