Before using the table, you must first convert your raw data into a (Z-score) using the formula:
Let’s find ( P(Z < 1.23) ) using the lower-tail table:
Below is the standard table used in SPM exams (values are typically given to 4 decimal places).
z=x−μσz equals the fraction with numerator x minus mu and denominator sigma end-fraction : The raw value you are investigating. : The population mean. : The population standard deviation. 2. How to Read the SPM Z-Score Table
The table provided in SPM exams (usually in the Lampiran / appendix) typically gives the from the mean (Z=0) to a positive Z-value . However, there are two common types used in SPM:
