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When a material is heated, its atoms vibrate more and move apart, causing expansion. Cooling reverses this. Problems arise when:
A is a fracture that occurs when a material expands or contracts unevenly due to temperature fluctuations. Unlike impact damage, these cracks are driven by internal forces; as one part of a material heats up and expands while an adjacent part stays cool and rigid, the resulting "tug-of-war" creates tension that exceeds the material's strength. Thermal Stress in Glass thermal stress crack
