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Establish communication norms (e.g., no internal emails after 6 PM, asynchronous Mondays, weekly all-hands with recorded updates).

In offices, culture happens automatically. Online, culture must be designed: Establish communication norms (e

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Monitoring software (e.g., Time Doctor, Teramind) captures screenshots, keystrokes, and idle time. While legal in many jurisdictions, such surveillance violates psychological safety and may backfire. However, the where and how of that coordination

Organizational management has always been about coordinating human effort toward shared goals. However, the where and how of that coordination have changed dramatically. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated a pre-existing trend: the move to distributed, online-first work environments. Even as offices reopen, hybrid and fully remote models persist. According to a 2023 Gallup survey, over 60% of employees who can work remotely prefer to do so at least part-time, and organizations like Airbnb, Spotify, and Twitter have adopted permanent flexible work policies.

Classical organizational management—rooted in Taylor’s scientific management, Fayol’s administrative theory, and Weber’s bureaucracy—assumed co-location. Managers relied on: